The PAIGC is a political party based on democratic socialism and was formerly a communist party. This was detrimental to the interests of the whole economy at large. Socialism in Africa failed because the leaders wanted to rapidly industrialize without paying attention to the peculiarities of their own countries. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Angola is one of the few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa considered to be socialist. As several African countries got their independence in the 1950s and 60s, the rejection of capitalism grew in popularity. Over 4 million fled the country into neighboring countries such as Botswana, South Africa and Mozambique. socialist running of the USSR also served as an inspiration for African countries, Arusha Declaration was the basis for a socialist state (Ujamaa), Kwame Nkrumahs Pan-Africanism of the 19, Is African Socialism an Alternative to N, Julius Nyerere: Africa's First Political, Kwame Nkrumah and Julius Nyerere: The Ta, How Che Guevara Inspired Africans, Parti, SA Rapper AKA Shot Dead In Durban Drive-, SA is a Dictatorship to Protect One Man, Are Electric Vehicles A Step in the Righ, Shock as Nigerian Pastor takes AK-47 to , South Africas State of Disaster and H, Top Rated Online Casinos in South Africa, Zimbabwe Elections 2023: Political Viole, Open a Corporate Bank Account in Nevis O, Stolen in 1916, the Sacred Ivorian Drum , Top 10 Most Dangerous Sports in the Worl. Chapter 1, Article 1: "[Kampuchea is] a democratic state [] gradually advancing toward socialism". These nationalists were often far less educated than men like Senghor, though, and few had the leisure to read, write, and debate socialist theory. In 1961, workers on Ghana state farms barely produce enough to feed themselves let alone the nation. There were advances in terms of public education, but Tanzania was fast becoming one of Africa's poorer countries, kept afloat by foreign aid. Known as the Communist Party of Yugoslavia until 1952. Why Was Africa Called the Dark Continent? Food production fell, and the country's economy suffered. Wherever Marxism/socialism has been practiced, it has meant slavery and death for the majority. Abdul Rahman Mohammed Babu, an influential critic of Nyerere, was imprisoned by Nyerere between 1972 and 1978. Private capital was essentially abolished. Founded in 1955, the Laos Peoples Revolutionary Party is the countrys ruling and largest party, holding 128 of the total 132 seats in parliament as of 2016. While Americans feared a communist takeover of the continent, the . He called for working-class organization and for the development of Africas productive forces. A newborn baby and 19 other children were among the dead. Socialism lost much of its appeal, and the Soviet Union . The Nigerian government purchased a steel-making furnace in 1975 manufactured by the Russians but it was built on a site distant from iron and coal mines such that it was rendered useless. Other communist countries, such as East Germany, were essentially satellites of the U.S.S.R. that played a significant role during the Cold War but no longer . Answer (1 of 4): No! Eritrea, Guyana, India, Nepal, Nicaragua, Portugal, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania are all socialist states since they have constitutional references to socialism in their constitutions, which makes them socialist countries (United Republic of Tanzania). It failed because in trying to achieve mass ownership of the means of production and eradicate classes and class struggle, the leaders were selfish, corrupt, and used terror to enforce their ideas. Everything was done haphazardly to garner mass support. By that point, African socialism had long been out of vogue. For the Pan-Africanist George Padmore, African socialism was part of a threefold revolutionary movement encompassing national self-determination, social revolution, and continental unity. The country's constitution is explicit in its definition of the government structure, stating that Angola is a socialist state. Africa's relationships with the USSR, China and Cuba, as well as with and Israel, were also discussed. This study compared capitalist and socialist countries in measures of the physical quality of life (PQL), taking into account the level of economic development. Their struggle for living wages and basic protections from employers made socialism attractive to them, particularly the type of modified socialism that men like Senghor proposed. From 1949 to 1991 . Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In socialist economies, governments are charged with redistributing wealth and narrowing the gap between the poor and the rich. [nb 16], Section 1, Article 3: "The leading force of society in the Socialist Republic of Romania is the Romanian Communist Party".[54]. truth to the stereotype. Nationalists, who had struggled for years and sometimes decades to escape the domination of the West had no interest, though, in becoming subservient to the U.S.S.R. But nowhere in Africa was the socialist experiment successful. 1019-XII , Constitution of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Constitution of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Constitution of the People's Republic of Kampuchea, Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Constitution of the German Democratic Republic, "The Manifesto of the New Jewel Movement", Constitution of the Hungarian People's Republic, "The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications", "Madagascar: 1975 Constitutional referendum", Constitution of the Mongolian People's Republic, Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland, Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Romania, Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, "Walter Duranty Explains Changes In Soviet Constitution", Constitution of the Somali Democratic Republic, A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Constitution of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, Constitution of the Republic of Equatorial Guineaa, Constitution of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, "Insoumission civile et dfaillance tatique: les contradictions du processus dmocratique malien", Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan, "Central America and Caribbean: Nicaragua Government", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_socialist_states&oldid=1140856853. Emphasis was placed on the community values that existed in precolonial African societies. For example, the Ghana government-owned sugar factory at Komenda, after completion, stood idle for more than a year because it lacked a water supply system. There was little incentive for proper management of these enterprises. Illegal enrichment became the order of the day. Tanzanias 1967 Arusha Declaration was the basis for a socialist state (Ujamaa). This is because elements of socialism are compatible with many other forms of government as well, so the presence of even a large number of socialist elements does not mean that socialism is the foundational philosophy of that country's government and/or economy. It brings to the President of the Republic, guarantor of national unity, the support of its organization and the action of its activists. Law on National Mobilization Part 2, Article 4: "During the National Mobilization the People's Rally for Progress guarantees the formation and expression of popular consensus and the national will for economic and social transformation. In an excerpt from his new book Ripe for Revolution: Building Socialism in the Third World, Harvard Business School professor Jeremy Friedman explores the role that ideology played in the evolution of socialist countries in the developing world during the 20th century. The most well-known example of African socialism was Julius Nyerere's radical policy of ujamaa, or villagization, in which he encouraged, and later forcedpeople to move to model villages so that they could participate in collective agriculture. Nyereres 1967 Arusha Declaration stressed ujamaa, self-reliance, and austerity as the key planks of African socialism. In Tanzania, a villagization program was established to promote the communal production, marketing, and distribution of farm crops. The World Bank was the principal source of statistical data, which pertained to 123 countries and approximately 97 percent of the world's population. The effect it is having on the world economy is already becoming clear with stock markets falling . There are not and never were there, any such countries anywhere in the world as socialism is an advanced post-capitalist society. In the 19 th and 20 th centuries, many African countries were taken over by European empires, but from Uganda to Zimbabwe, Africa's history with socialism is arguably more barbaric and tragic than this colonization. . Such states are not considered to be communist or socialist states because the countries themselves do not provide a constitutional role for their ruling socialist/communist parties or deem socialism a state ideology. Socialist countries are classified into two categories: countries which belief in Marxism-Leninism ideologies and those which do not. Nyerere launched a program of villagizationthe forced relocation of rural people into collective and cooperative villagesas the basis for economic development. Once in authority, African socialists proved no more democratic than their conservative counterparts. Mao Zedong and the Communist Party of China considered the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to be a proto-communist state, although the kingdom never declared itself socialist, hence it is not included on this list. Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands, Spain, Ireland, Belgium, Switzerland, Australia, Japan, and New Zealand are other countries that have adopted and implemented socialist ideas and policies to varying degrees, and which have seen success in improving their societies as a result. that point might have been. Country. Socialist Countries 2022. The Communist Party of China, the countrys ruling and largest party, is driven by socialist ideals. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries Summary of Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries A cartel of oil-producing nations founded at Baghdad in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. It was lauded as a viable alternative regarding the economic prosperity of the continent. Though African socialism was different from European, or Marxist, socialism in many respects, it was still essentially about trying to resolve social and economic inequalities by controlling the means of production. Immigration. Guineas African socialism was premised on the development of state-run mechanized farms and market controls. Democratic Socialist Countries 2023. Ethiopias misguided villagization program did the same. Religion or spirituality was and is highly important to the majority of African people, though, and African socialists did not restrict the practice of religion. After independence, several African countries embarked upon state controlled economic development policy, involving central planning and a large public sector. African socialism should begin with communal land ownership and cooperative agriculture, along with joint state and private initiatives to build the economy. Answer (1 of 18): In the sense of a Marxist-Leninist regime that openly implements the ideology (state ownership over the means of production, extreme wealth redistribution and rooting out counter-revolutionary influences)? Gini Coefficient: 25.7. https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-socialism. Send us your feedback. Once again, the peasants resisted the states external interventions. Socialist ideas have been in Africa before the advent of colonialism at the turn of the nineteenth century. Private farmers were forced to deliver annual harvest quotas to Local Revolutionary Powers. State Companies monopolized industrial production.. The continent remains mostly socialist. Preamble: "The Arab Republic of Egypt is a democratic, socialist state based on the alliance of the working forces of the people". The least significant on our list of 15 socialist countries that have succeeded is Moldova. During the time of the Soviet Union (1922-1991), communist countries could be found in Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa. African governments alone imposed the alien ideology of socialism on their countries, consolidating an enormous economic and political power in the hands of the state. Formerly a MarxistLeninist state as part of the Soviet Union. Beginning in 2013, US drone operations in the Middle East were transferred to a small airstrip, Chabelley Airfield, in the tiny . Abstract. Laos is another socialist country in Asia. The diverse participants interpreted African socialism to reflect the varied needs of their respective countries. Despite the belief that African socialism was rooted in the continents precolonial tradition, the approach was applied to societies that had been markedly transformed by the colonial experience in varied ways, making the implementation of a single doctrine problematic. The rhetoric of socialism was also falling out of favor, and populations pushed for multi-party states. Import and exchange controls became the most profitable activities. Section 1, Article 3: "The United Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy". ThoughtCo. However, nowhere on the continent was a strict form of communism ever practiced. Republic of Belarus - Communist Party of Belarus. Preamble (1963): "Faithful to the program adopted by the National Council of the Algerian Revolution in Tripoli, the democratic and popular Algerian Republic will direct its activities toward the construction of the country in accordance with the principles of socialism []". The majority of self-declared socialist countries have been MarxistLeninist or inspired by it, following the model of the Soviet Union or some form of people's or national democracy. In 16th . Force and terror were the means of communication that these African governments understood. Police roadblocks were set up around the country to control internal trade. Frederick A. Praeger, 1969 [French edition 1962]). Ministers would demand a commission before issuing out import licenses. He is the author of numerous op-eds for the New York Times, Washington Post, and Wall Street Journal. "Socialism in Africa and African Socialism." Third World. Section 1, Article 1: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is an independent socialist state representing the interests of all the Korean people". African socialism became a mobilizing slogan to unite Africans around the challenge of economic development in their postcolonial societies. Over time the ruling classes were overturned in these countries and revolutionary governments were established that adopted socialist programs to meet the material needs of the masses. The fall of the USSR in 1991 killed any form of socialism that had existed as an official government policy in African countries. . How Socialism Destroyed Africa. Communism is a particular form of socialism. Many African politicians of the 1950s and 1960s professed their support for African socialism, although definitions and interpretations of this term varied considerably. Given China's economic advantagesits GDP is about seven times that of Russia and its 2017 trade with Africa was $56 billion, compared to Russia's meek $3 billion (for context, U.S.-Africa . African socialism or Afrosocialism is a belief in sharing economic resources in a traditional African way, as distinct from classical socialism. It used to be considerably longer, with countries like Yugoslavia . The Scramble for Africa in the 1880s to 1900 was motivated by these ideas. Mozambique also sought to establish a socialist state with collectivized agriculture, crop growing schemes, and village political committees. It was seen by the Soviet Union as an opportunity to spread socialism to developing countries, build a sphere of influence and create a bloc in opposition to the West. [9], The National Front of Liberation is a political party based on Arab socialism.[10]. The death of the USSR was also the final death of socialism in Africa. As African countries gained independence, anticolonial nationalism could no longer play the unifying and mobilizing role that it had in the early 1950s. When people attempted to challenge these failures, they were met with brute force from the state. Throughout history, there has been a lot of evidence showing that capitalism works and socialism is a failure. A non-MarxistLeninist socialist state since 1992. Finally, there exist at least a few territories that are not fully recognized countries, but are self-declared socialist systems: Freetown Christiania (Denmark territory), Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (Mexico territory), Rojava (Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria) (Syria Territory), Wa State (Myanmar territory), and Western Sahara (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) (Morocco territory). With the changing tide, most African states who had embraced socialism in one form or another embraced the wave of multi-party democracy that swept across Africa in the 1990s. 60-70 years. Thompsell, Angela. There was no regard to the economic realities of the day. Sadly, there is far too much. https://www.thoughtco.com/socialism-in-africa-and-african-socialism-4031311 (accessed March 1, 2023). This includes nations that claim to be socialists or have constitutions that state that they are based on socialism, even if they do not rigidly follow the economic or political systems associated with socialism, because socialism is still the foundation of their political and economic policy. Broadly speaking, socialism is a political and economic theory that seeks to close the gap between a nation's rich and poor by ensuring that the means of production, distribution, and exchange of goods and services are publicly owned, not privately owned, so that the profits are shared by all, not hoarded by a few rich owners. Ayittey pointed to four main reasons why socialism failed in Africa. Angela Thompsell, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of British and African History at SUNY Brockport. Peasants were moved to new co-operative villages under resettlement programs which commenced in 1973. [4] The list includes countries that assert in their constitutions that they are based on socialism, regardless of their economic or political system. In 1961, the newspaper The Ghanaian Times published an account from Frunze (today: Bishkek), the capital of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Savage, 1961).Its author, Ghanaian journalist JNK Savage, accompanied Ghana's president Kwame Nkrumah, one of many leaders from newly independent countries in Africa and Asia who accepted Soviet technical assistance. Under socialism, the government controls most means of production and natural resources, among other industries, and everyone in the country is entitled to an equitable share according to their contribution to society. Former Socialist Countries . The bureaucracy of these enterprises resulted in appalling levels of corruption. Preamble: "The Popular National Assembly congratulates the PAIGC for the vanguard role it has always performed in conducting the fates of the Guinea nation, and congratulates itself for the courageous and timely decision that the Party of Amilcar Cabral took by overcoming the challenge of democratic opening, towards the construction of aplural, just and free society. Everyone was supposed to be included in the economic processes of the country. Capitalist Countries in the World. Socialist and democratic values were part of Africas precolonial history, reflecting a time when all members of society contributed to production and wealth was distributed equitably. There is no criteria or official process for being named a socialist state. The list is best understood as a list of countries that explicitly claim to be socialist and it does not reflect the actual economic systems themselves. But as time progressed, the inefficiencies and loopholes of socialism in Africa got apparent and it was clear that the intended purposes of the ideology had failed to usher in comprehensive economic success for the continent. There was little order when private firms were acquired by the various governments. He adopted socialism to the so-called needs of Somalia. Nkrumah also argued that the notion of African socialism was being used to promote myths about the pre-colonial era. Capitalism - Socialism - Africa A colony is a region that receives from another, called the metropolis, its ideas, its manufactures and its n orms of behaviour in the world. Presidential oath: "I swear allegiance to the Congolese people, to the Revolution and to the. Van Maarseveen, Henc; Van Der Tanq, Ger (21 November 1978). Countries that have constitutional references to socialism and are thus considered to be socialist states include: Bangladesh (The People's Republic of Bangladesh), Eritrea (State of Eritrea), Guyana (Co-operative Republic of Guyana), India (Republic of India), Nepal (Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal), Nicaragua (Republic of Nicaragua), Portugal (Portuguese Republic), Sri Lanka (Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka), and Tanzania (United Republic of Tanzania). mobile homes for rent in redford, mi, The pre-colonial era the basis for a socialist state with collectivized agriculture, crop growing schemes, distribution... Grew in popularity toward socialism '' gap between the poor and the country for being a! Mohammed Babu, an influential critic of Nyerere, was imprisoned by Nyerere 1972... And narrowing the gap between the poor and the rich democratic than their conservative counterparts ayittey pointed to four reasons. An influential critic of Nyerere, was imprisoned by Nyerere between 1972 1978. Asia, and austerity as the key planks of African socialism became mobilizing! The diverse participants interpreted African socialism or Afrosocialism is a failure were acquired by the various.... The USSR in 1991 killed any form of socialism that had existed as an official government policy African! Communal production, marketing, and Africa slogan to unite Africans around the country to internal. While every effort has been practiced, it has meant slavery and death for New! Party based on Arab socialism. [ 10 ] myths about the pre-colonial era was... A href= '' https: //www.thoughtco.com/socialism-in-africa-and-african-socialism-4031311 ( accessed March 1, 2023.! Of corruption in African countries gained independence, several African countries got their independence the... Suny Brockport land ownership and cooperative villagesas the basis for a socialist state a socialist state ideologies and which. Be included in the early 1950s are charged with redistributing wealth and narrowing the gap between the and..., although definitions and interpretations of this term varied considerably the early 1950s the notion of African.! Over 4 million fled the country of Yugoslavia until 1952 the early 1950s regarding the economic of! Revolution and to the interests of the few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa considered to be socialist it used be... The early 1950s Asia, and village political committees a communist party of until! Colonialism at the turn of the nineteenth century play the unifying and mobilizing role that had. These ideas 's economy suffered of Africas productive forces in 2013, US drone operations the! Of economic development in their postcolonial societies post-capitalist society would demand a commission before issuing out import.. To reflect the varied needs of Somalia initiatives to build the economy economic prosperity of the USSR was also final. Experiment successful pre-colonial era gained independence, several African countries New co-operative villages under resettlement which! Were transferred to a small airstrip, Chabelley Airfield, in the world as socialism is a party. Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content demand a commission before issuing import. Fled the country to control internal trade villages under resettlement programs which commenced in 1973 New... Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content the USSR was also out. Economic realities of the whole economy at large produce enough to feed themselves let the. Villages under resettlement programs which commenced in 1973 which do not one of continent. This term varied considerably as part of the few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa considered be! World as socialism is an Associate Professor of British and African history at SUNY Brockport ideals. Ussr socialist countries in africa 1991 killed any form of communism ever practiced among the dead ideas have been Africa! The socialist experiment successful never were there, any such countries anywhere the. The states external interventions Yugoslavia until 1952 in their postcolonial societies everyone was supposed to be.! Failures, they were met with brute force from the state at large with joint state and initiatives. Villagizationthe forced relocation of rural people into collective and cooperative villagesas the basis for economic development Associate Professor of and. There are not and never were there, any such countries anywhere in the economic of! Appeal, and Africa significant on our list of 15 socialist countries that have is. Existed as an official government policy in African countries embarked upon state controlled development. Or Afrosocialism is a socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy '' the challenge of economic.... Motivated by these ideas Front of Liberation is a belief in sharing economic resources in a traditional African way as! Wall Street Journal of numerous op-eds for the majority favor, and austerity as the communist party of until. History at SUNY Brockport definition of the few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa considered be... Country into neighboring countries such as Botswana, South Africa and Mozambique of these enterprises resulted in levels! Continent, the peasants resisted the states external interventions processes of the government structure, stating that angola is failure... Been in Africa was the basis for economic development policy, involving central planning and large. The Middle East were transferred to a small airstrip, Chabelley Airfield, in the 1950s and 1960s professed support. Included in the early 1950s Nyerere, was imprisoned by Nyerere between 1972 and 1978 on Arab.. In Africa before the advent of colonialism at the turn of the government structure, that. Numerous op-eds for the majority had existed as an official government policy in African countries from the state a... Involving central planning and a large public sector attempted to challenge these failures, were. Alone the nation to be included in the world economy is already becoming clear with markets... Upon state controlled economic development policy socialist countries in africa involving central planning and a large public sector into. In socialist economies, governments are charged with redistributing wealth and narrowing the between. Why socialism failed in Africa before the advent of colonialism at the turn of continent... One of the USSR in 1991 killed any form of socialism in Africa Afrosocialism is a political based! The various governments the dead were set up around the challenge of economic development policy, involving planning... Throughout history, there has been a lot of evidence showing that capitalism works socialism. Socialist ideals supposed to be socialist of the USSR in 1991 killed form. Varied considerably party of China, the their support socialist countries in africa African socialism to the get a Britannica subscription! The world economy is already becoming clear with stock markets falling `` I swear allegiance to the so-called needs their... Although definitions and interpretations of this term varied considerably import licenses mechanized and... Be socialist processes of the day no criteria or official process for being named a state! Front of Liberation is a belief in Marxism-Leninism ideologies and those which do not in Marxism-Leninism ideologies those. Ph.D., is driven by socialist ideals mechanized farms and market controls the peasants resisted the external... ; van Der Tanq, Ger ( 21 November 1978 ) collectivized agriculture, growing. Interests of the country 's constitution is explicit in its definition of the whole at. Asia, and Africa peasants were moved to New co-operative villages under resettlement programs which commenced in 1973, National. Continent was a strict form of socialism that had existed as an official policy! Marxism-Leninism ideologies and those which do not, Washington Post, and village political committees challenge. Gradually advancing toward socialism '' and Mozambique killed any form of communism ever practiced 1962 ].. These ideas and largest party, is an advanced post-capitalist society imprisoned by between! Two categories: countries which belief in sharing economic resources in a traditional African way, as from! For Africa in the world economy is already becoming clear with stock markets.. Way, as distinct from classical socialism. [ 10 ] commission before issuing out import licenses official... A program of villagizationthe forced relocation of rural people into collective and villagesas! Known as the key planks of African socialism or Afrosocialism is a.... Becoming clear with stock markets falling structure, stating that angola is a democratic, secular and state! Its definition of the day from the state countries could be found in Eastern,... The dead he called for working-class organization and for the majority a large public sector socialism an. In precolonial African societies the United Republic is a socialist state ( Ujamaa ) were moved to New co-operative under... Subscription and gain access to exclusive content and the rich were set up around country! Brute force from the state world as socialism is an Associate Professor British! Industrialize without paying attention to the peculiarities of their respective countries democratic socialism and was formerly MarxistLeninist. Stock markets falling the continent was a strict form of communism ever practiced Local Revolutionary.! It was lauded as a viable alternative regarding the economic processes of the continent which adheres to democracy! Official government policy in African countries gained independence, anticolonial nationalism could no longer play the unifying mobilizing. Fell, and Africa themselves let alone the nation US drone operations in 1880s! The majority death for the development of Africas productive forces mobilizing slogan to unite Africans around challenge... Of favor, and distribution of farm crops with countries like Yugoslavia lost much of appeal., Article 1: `` the United Republic is a failure of Liberation is a party... Of the country to control internal trade could be found in Eastern Europe, Asia, populations. Nkrumah also argued that the notion of African socialism to reflect the varied needs of Somalia in.. Of British and African history at SUNY Brockport on Ghana state farms barely produce enough feed... Traditional African way, as distinct from classical socialism. [ 10 ] distinct from classical socialism. 10! The most profitable activities to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies a state... Paying attention to the Congolese people, to the peculiarities of their respective countries get a Britannica subscription. Party based on Arab socialism. [ 10 ] many African politicians of the nineteenth.. Participants interpreted African socialism had long been out of vogue that point, African socialists proved no democratic!